How to write an essay

كيف نكتب مقال انجليزي
How to write an essay
كيف تكتب مقال باللغة الانجليزية
• أي مقال يتكون عادة من 3 أو 4 فقرات
• كل فقرة فيها أول جملة مهمة جدا لأنها توضح للقاري عما يتكلم الشخص في هذه الفقرة كما تدل على قدرة و تمكن الشخص لذلك من الضروري بداية كل فقرة بجملة افتتاحية topic sentence.
إذا كان المقال عن شي له سلبيات و ايجابيات فهذه طريقة لكتابته مثل (The Internet, the Television, The Mobile, ) و غيرها من الاختراعات الحديثة أو العولمة globalization أو
الفقرة الأولى مقدمة الثانية الايجابيات و الثالثة السلبيات و النهائية الخاتمة.
الفقرة الأولى ( المقدمة)
( All new inventions) أو ( Globalization) اسم الموضوع) ) has positive benefits and advantages. However, there are also some negative effects and problems.( We are now going to discuss each of them in the following paragraphs.)
ضروري نترك سطر بين كل فقرة و التي تليها لتظهر بشكل مرتب
The ------ اسم الموضوع) )Internet/ Mobile/ Satellite has many positive benefits and advantages. First…………, Second……….Finally………
وهنا نكتب فائدتين أو ثلاثة بالاستعانة بالكلمات أو الأفكار التي تكون في ورقة الامتحان
مثلا: First, it provides us with interesting and useful information. Second, it makes us aware of other cultures and civilizations. Finally, it saves time and efforts for many students and businessmen.
نترك سطر
Unluckily لسوء الحظ أو Unfortunately, أو On the other hand, أو However, The ------ اسم الموضوع) )Internet/ Mobile/ Satellite has other negative side effects and disadvantages. For example…………, In addition to that,..………. Moreover ………
أو ممكن نستخدم طرق السرد السابقة لتعديد المساوئ
First…………, Second……….Finally………
نترك سطر و نكتب الفقرة النهائية Conclusion. ممكن نبدأها To sum up أو Finally أو In conclusion
To sum up, it is important to make sure that we focus on / use the positive sides of ------and learn to avoid its negative side effects.
في هذه الفقرة ممكن تعطي رأيك أو نصيحة أو تكتب مثل يلخص الفقرة الخ………………………………..
ملاحظات:
• يجب قبل أي شيء أن تعرف ما هو الموضوع الذي سوف تكتب عنه. و إلا لن تحتسب لك الدرجة حتى لو كتبت 3 صفحات.
• يجب أن لا نستطرد و نكتب أشياء لا لزوم لها كل ما كان الموضوع مباشر و محكم قلت الأخطاء في القواعد و الإملاء. طول الموضوع لا يعطيك علامات إضافية المهم إلا يقل عن 8 اسطر أو 75 كلمة.
ملاحظات مهمة
• من الضروري جدا مراعاة ما يلي: هو مش ممنوع لكن استخدامه يضعف الموضوع
- تكرار كلمة مهم important بينما يمكن أن نكتب بدلهاessential, vital, major, crucial, necessary, beneficial, basic, useful, significant, crucial, urgent, has a great priority الخ
• من غير الضروري أن تكون الفقرة أكثر من جملتين أو ثلاثة فهي تكفي
• لا تكتب أي كلمة غير متأكد من الإملاء لان تكرار الخطأ يخصم العلامات
• عدم تكرار and لإضافة معلومات فيمكن أن نستخدم
as well as, in addition, moreover, not only------but also--------,
. نكتب في أول الجملة On one hand. و في الجملة التي بعدها on the other hand…….من ناحية---- و من ناحية أخرى--------
أو نستخدم أسلوب السرد و هو اضمن (
و نكتب الجملة الثالثة و هكذاThird, ( نكتب الجملة الثانية ),…. Second. ( نكتب الجملة الأولى ) Fisrt,…
• استخدام أدوات الربط المناسبة
من طرق استخدام أدوات الربط Connectors:
1. التعديد أو السرد Listing
First,……. Secondly, ……….. Finally,…
2. المقارنة ( التناقض) Contrasting
Although, ……….. However,…………. On the other hand,………..
3. الإضافة Adding points
………, too In addition,………. Moreover,……………….
4. إعطاء الأسباب Giving reasons
Because….. that is because…….. as…………. Since…….
لا يمكن استخدام الموضوع السابق في الحالات التالية:
أحيانا يكون الموضوع عن شي كله عيوب و ليس له مميزات مثل التدخين Smoking …..
أو يكون الموضوع عن شي كله مميزات و ليس له عيوب مثل التعليم Education أو دور المرأة الفلسطينية في بناء المجتمع The role of the Palestinian woman in building up our society أو دور الشباب أو الحرية ............
إذا كان الموضوع:
عن شي كله عيوب و ليس له مميزات مثل التدخين Smoking..أو تخريب الممتلكات العامة Vandalism
فإننا يمكننا الاستعانة بالنموذج التالي:
الفقرة الأولى : سطرين المقدمة
الفقرة الثانية ا أثره على الإنسان
الفقرة الثالثة أثره على المجتمع
الفقرة الأخيرة خاتمة تلخص الفكرة الرئيسية للموضوع
مثال على موضوع عن شي كله عيوب و ليس له مميزات مثل التدخين Smoking..أو تخريب الممتلكات العامة Vandalism
Smoking / Vandalism (اسم الموضوع ) has very dangerous/ serious negative effects on both our life and the development of our country.
(Smoking is a very dangerous habit that has many negative effects on man' s life . For example,……………….. In addition to that, Finallly,……….. It causes serious diseases such as cancer and heart failure.) عن التدخين
The ------ اسم الموضوع) ) has negative side effects and disadvantages on our life. It can stand as an obstacle in the way of the progress of our country. It can also be a direct threat to everyone's interests both personally and nationally
------------------------ has become an epidemic that has negative effects. For example,……………….
وهنا نكتب جمل بالاستعانة بالكلمات أو الأفكار التي تكون في ورقة الامتحان
For example…………, In addition to that,..………. Moreover ………
In the end, both governments and individuals must exert efforts to stop the spread of this danger and declare war against anyone who encourages it. We must stop it and avoid its bad influence on our society.
أو ممكن نستخدم طرق السرد السابقة لتعديد المساوئ
إذا كان الموضوع عن شي كله مميزات و ليس له عيوب مثل التعليم Education أو دور المرأة الفلسطينية في بناء المجتمع The role of the Palestinian woman in building up our society أو دور الشباب أو الحرية
It's a well known fact that education اسم الموضوع----------- plays an important role in our life. Education is very necessary to the progress and the building up of any society.
------------- has a very vital influence on our lives nowadays as it helps a lot in every field of life. For example, -------------- helps us in the field of work and business as without---------- these fields could never prosper or have their current state. Moreover,-----------
وهنا نكتب فائدتين أو ثلاثة بالاستعانة بالكلمات أو الأفكار التي تكون في ورقة الامتحان
In conclusion, I believe that any society would have never reached this high slandered of development and progress both in the fields of everyday life or in the political field or in the world of work and business without ------------------. So, we must pay attention to it and exert our efforts to take care of it

LSD

Chemical name: D-lysergic acid diethylamide, D-lysergic acid diethylamide
Chemical formula: C20H25N3O

Street Names: acid, blotter, cubes, microdot, yellow sunshine
DEA Schedule: Schedule I
History of the Drug: LSD did not receive popular attention until the early 1960s when the late Timothy Leary and Richard Alpert, his colleague at Harvard University, began experimenting with the drug on themselves, other academics, local artists, and students. In 1974 the National Institute of Mental Health concluded that LSD had no therapeutic use.
The interest in LSD during the 1960s also prompted users to seek out naturally occurring substances that produced the same experiential effects. In fact, a variety of substances in nature produce transitory visual or auditory distortion, e.g., cannabis, thornapple, peyote, and jimsonweed. One of the oldest hallucinogens known to Western scientists is mescaline, a derivative of the peyote cactus, used for centuries in natural medicines and religious ceremonies. Substances such as peyote, mescaline, and a variety of exotic fungi (e.g., psilocybin mushrooms) can be smoked, brewed in tea, chewed, and incorporated into food. In the 1960s users exchanged and published recipes for preparation of hallucinogens through popular publications of the era.
Appearance




Blotter
The most common form of LSD is paper blotter divided into about 1/4" squares called tabs. A single tab usually contains between 30 - 100 ug of LSD. Paper blotters are created by taking a sheet of absorbent paper (usually decorated and perforated) and soaking it in a dilution of lysergic acid diethylamide. The dilution can vary greatly from one batch to another, or one chemist to another.
Liquid
LSD is soluable in water and other solvents, though liquid LSD is usually water based. Liquid LSD is used in the creation of blotter tabs. A single drop of potent liquid LSD could be 50 times a normal dose, although it is generally diluted to the point where a single drop is equal to approximately one dose. Be extremely careful when dealing with it, as there is no way to gauge its potency. It is frequently stored in small dropper bottles, one precaution...when you reach the end of the bottle, don't rinse it out and assume that what remains is a small dose. There can still be many doses left along the inside surfaces and taking them all at once can lead to some unexpectedly strong and possibly very uncomfortable experiences.
Gelatin
Gelatin LSD is made by mixing liquid LSD with gelatin and forming it into small, thin squares. The benefit of this method is that less of the LSD is exposed to sun and air, which break down lysergic acid diethylamide.
Do you smoke this? In its most common forms - liquid, soaked into paper, pills or capsules - it is swallowed but LSD can also be injected or inhaled.
What's gonna happen to me? Like all hallucinogens, LSD affects the senses. Users can hallucinate, or see and hear things that don't really exist. Hallucinogens also influence emotions and the ability to think clearly. The effects vary from user to user and a lot depends on the strength of the LSD. Users can experience a sense of wonder and joy or they might get scared and anxious. They can also feel as they are outside their body and able to watch themselves. In general though, the effects are felt within an hour of taking LSD and these can last as long as 12 hours.
Risks & Realities: Many LSD users experience flashbacks, recurrence of certain aspects of a person's experience, without the user having taken the drug again. A flashback occurs suddenly, often without warning, and may occur within a few days or more than a year after LSD use. Flashbacks usually occur in people who use hallucinogens chronically or have an underlying personality problem; however, otherwise healthy people who use LSD occasionally may also have flashbacks. Bad trips and flashbacks are only part of the risks of LSD use. LSD users may manifest relatively long-lasting psychoses, such as schizophrenia or severe depression. It is difficult to determine the extent and mechanism of the LSD involvement in these illnesses.
Most users of LSD voluntarily decrease or stop its use over time. LSD is not considered an addictive drug since it does not produce compulsive drug-seeking behavior, as do cocaine, amphetamine, heroin, alcohol, and nicotine.
Fast facts about effects on the body: LSD increases blood pressure and heart rate. It also increases the body's temperature and makes the pupil in the eye larger. These physical changes are the first thing users feel and may cause numbness, weakness and a lack of coordination.
نشر بتاريخ 06-02-2008

Cocaine

Cocaine is a powerfully addictive drug of abuse. Individuals who have tried cocaine have described the experience as a powerful high that gave them a feeling of supremacy. However, once someone starts taking cocaine, one cannot predict or control the extent to which he or she will continue to use the drug. The major ways of taking cocaine are sniffing or snorting, injecting, and smoking (including free-base and crack cocaine).
Health risks exist regardless of whether cocaine is inhaled (snorted), injected, or smoked. However, it appears that compulsive cocaine use may develop even more rapidly if the substance is smoked rather than snorted. Smoking allows extremely high doses of cocaine to reach the brain very quickly and results in an intense and immediate high. The injecting drug user is also at risk for acquiring or transmitting HIV infection/AIDS if needles or other injection equipment are shared.
Health Hazards
Physical effects. Physical effects of cocaine use include constricted peripheral blood vessels, dilated pupils, and increased body temperature, heart rate, and blood pressure. Some cocaine users report feelings of restlessness, irritability, and anxiety, both while using and between periods of use. An appreciable tolerance to the high may be developed, and many addicts report that they seek but fail to achieve as much pleasure as they did from their first exposure.
Paranoia and aggression. High doses of cocaine and/or prolonged use can trigger paranoia. Smoking crack cocaine can produce particularly aggressive paranoid behavior in users. When addicted individuals stop using cocaine, they may become depressed. This depression causes users to continue to use the drug to alleviate their depression.
Long-term effects. Prolonged cocaine snorting can result in ulceration of the mucous membrane of the nose and can damage the nasal septum enough to cause it to collapse. Cocaine-related deaths are often a result of cardiac arrest or seizures followed by respiratory arrest.
Added Danger. When people mix cocaine and alcohol, they are compounding the danger each drug poses and unknowingly causing a complex chemical interaction within their bodies. Researchers have found that the human liver combines cocaine and alcohol to manufacture a third substance, cocaethylene, which intensifies cocaine's euphoric effects and possibly increases the risk of sudden death.
نشر بتاريخ 06-02-2008

PCP- Phencyclidine

PCP- Phencyclidine
Chemical formula: C18H25N

Street Names: angel dust, boat, hog, love boat, peace pill
DEA Schedule: Schedule I, II
History of the Drug: PCP (phencyclidine) was developed in the 1950s as an intravenous anesthetic. Use of PCP in humans was discontinued in 1965, because it was found that patients often became agitated, delusional, and irrational while recovering from its anesthetic effects. PCP is illegally manufactured in laboratories and is sold on the street by such names as "angel dust," "ozone," "wack," and "rocket fuel." "Killer joints"and "crystal supergrass" are names that refer to PCP combined with marijuana. The variety of street names for PCP reflects its bizarre and volatile effects.
Appearance

PCP is a white crystalline powder that is readily soluble in water or alcohol. It has a distinctive bitter chemical taste. PCP can be mixed easily with dyes and turns up on the illicit drug market in a variety of tablets, capsules, and colored powders. It is normally used in one of three ways: snorted, smoked, or eaten. For smoking, PCP is often applied to a leafy material such as mint, parsley, oregano, or marijuana.
Do you smoke this? As a powder it is snorted. When it is in a liquid form, it can be injected and when it is a pill or capsule, it is simply swallowed. The powder form of PCP is often mixed with tobacco, dried parsley or marijuana, and then smoked.
What's gonna happen to me? Like all hallucinogens, PCP has an effect on the mind and the senses. Users can hallucinate, or see and hear things that don't really exist. Hallucinogens also influence emotions and the ability to think clearly. PCP has different effects on different people. It causes some people to feel joy and others can feel nothing but anxiety and panic. In some cases, this panic can lead to violent behavior.
Risks & Realities: PCP is addicting; that is, its use often leads to psychological dependence, craving, and compulsive PCP-seeking behavior. It was first introduced as a street drug in the 1960s and quickly gained a reputation as a drug that could cause bad reactions and was not worth the risk. Many people, after using the drug once, will not knowingly use it again. Yet others use it consistently and regularly. Some persist in using PCP because of its addicting properties. Others cite feelings of strength, power, invulnerability and a numbing effect on the mind as reasons for their continued PCP use.
Many PCP users are brought to emergency rooms because of PCP's unpleasant psychological effects or because of overdoses. In a hospital or detention setting, they often become violent or suicidal, and are very dangerous to themselves and to others. They should be kept in a calm setting and should not be left alone.
Fast facts about effects on the body: PCP produces many changes in the body including faster breathing and an increased heart rate. It also increases body temperature and can lead to numbness in the legs and arms.
Higher doses can produce a quick drop in blood pressure, vomiting, blurred vision, dizziness and an inability to feel pain.
نشر بتاريخ 06-02-2008

The Effects of Cocaine

The effects of cocaineon the body are multiple. Three areas that are acutely affected are the central nervous system, the gastrointestinal system, and the cardiovascular system.

The effects of cocaine on the central nervous system are perhaps the most severe and the most damaging. Cocaine inhibits the release of dopamine and other neurochemicals in the brain. This is what causes the euphoric high that users often feel. However, one of the long-term effects of cocaine is that the brain slows down and eventually stops producing these neurons because it is getting them artificially. This can lead to mood and behavior alterations that include paranoia, irritability, restlessness, and auditory hallucinations.


Effects of Cocaine

A decreased appetite, which can lead to malnutrition, is one of the other effects of cocaine on the central nervous system.

The effects of cocaine on the gastrointestinal system, while not as common, may include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and bloody diarrhea.

The cardiovascular system is another area that suffers from the effects of cocaine. Cocaine causes blood vessels to constrict. This leads to dilated pupils, increased body temperature and heart rate, and blood pressure since there is an increased demand for oxygen by the heart. The most commonly reported cardiovascular problems related to the effects of cocaine are Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI), commonly known as a heart attack, and various arrhythmias. Strokes, seizures, and convulsions are also some of the cardiovascular effects of cocaine.

Finally, the effects of cocaine are serious and by causing significant damage to the central nervous, the gastrointestinal, and cardiovascular systems, can even be fatal.
نشر بتاريخ 06-10-2008

Ecstasy

MDMA, called "Adam," "ecstasy," or "XTC" on the street, is a synthetic, psychoactive (mind-altering) drug with hallucinogenic and amphetamine-like properties. Its chemical structure is similar to two other synthetic drugs, MDA and methamphetamine, which are known to cause brain damage.
Beliefs about MDMA are reminiscent of similar claims made about LSD in the 1950s and 1960s, which proved to be untrue. According to its proponents, MDMA can make people trust each other and can break down barriers between therapists and patients, lovers, and family members.
Health Hazards
Physical and psychological symptoms. Many problems users encounter with MDMA are similar to those found with the use of amphetamines and cocaine. They are:
• Psychological difficulties, including confusion, depression, sleep problems, drug craving, severe anxiety, and paranoia during and sometimes weeks after taking MDMA (in some cases, psychotic episodes have been reported).
• Physical symptoms such as muscle tension, involuntary teeth clenching, nausea, blurred vision, rapid eye movement, faintness, and chills or sweating.
• Increases in heart rate and blood pressure, a special risk for people with circulatory or heart disease.
Long-term effects. Recent research findings also link MDMA use to long-term damage to those parts of the brain critical to thought and memory. It is believed that the drug causes damage to the neurons that use the chemical serotonin to communicate with other neurons.
MDMA is also related in structure and effects to methamphetamine, which has been shown to cause degeneration of neurons containing the neurotransmitter dopamine. Damage to dopamine containing neurons is the underlying cause of the motor disturbances seen in Parkinson's disease. Symptoms of this disease begin with lack of coordination and tremors, and can eventually result in a form of paralysis.
نشر بتاريخ 06-02-2008

Inhalants: Quick Facts

What are inhalants?
Inhalants are volatile substances that produce chemical vapors that can be inhaled through the nose or mouth to induce a psychoactive, or mind-altering, effect. Although other abused substances can be inhaled, the term "inhalants" is used to describe a variety of substances whose main characteristic is that they are rarely, if ever, taken by any route other than inhalation. Hundreds of everyday household products are being used by kids to get a quick high by sniffing directly from an open container or "huffing" from a rag soaked in the substance held to the face. Common inhalants used to get high include rubber cement, paint thinner, nail polish remover, gasoline, correction fluids and bleach.
Statistics
• Use of inhalants increased in 2005 among eighth graders. This trend is troubling, since these substances are being abused by younger students.
• According to the 2005 Monitoring the Future Study, the proportion of young people who believe it is dangerous to use inhalants has declined among eight and 10th graders over the past five years. (Table 5)
• Research indicates a correlation between early inhalant use and delinquent behaviors, substance abuse and other problems later in life. (National Survey on Drug Use and Health, Section 1, Tables 1.19 to 1.27.)
Effects of inhalants
Inhalant use can cause a number of health problems, including suffocation and even death.
• Short-term: heart palpitations, breathing difficulty, dizziness, headaches and possibly death.
• Long-term: damage to the brain, nerve cells, heart, lungs, liver, kidney, and possibly death.
Severe health consequences of inhalant use:
• Suffocation - from inhaling fumes when head is covered in a plastic bag
• Convulsions or seizures - caused by abnormal electrical discharges from the brain
• Coma - brain shuts down almost all but most vital functions
• Choking - occurs after inhalation of vomit following inhalant use
• Fatal injury - from accidents suffered while intoxicated
Physical signs of inhalant use
• Unusual breath odor or chemical odor on clothing
• Spots and/or sores around the mouth
• Nausea and/or loss of appetite
• Slurred or disoriented speech
• Drunk, dazed or dizzy appearance
• Red or runny eyes or nose
Why do young people use inhalants instead of other drugs?
The products are widely available, inexpensive, easy to conceal and legal. Most users do not realize how dangerous inhalants can be. Many young people start because they don't think these substances can hurt them. Once hooked, they find it a tough habit to break.

Who is at risk for using inhalants?
Inhalants are second only to marijuana in terms of adolescent drug use, and all kids are at risk. Youth drug use cuts across all geographic, socio-economic, racial and ethnic boundaries.
نشر بتاريخ 06-02-2008

Marijuana

What is marijuana?
Marijuana (grass, pot, and weed) is the common name for a crude drug made from the plant Cannabis sativa. The main mind-altering (psychoactive) ingredient in marijuana is THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol), but more than 400 other chemicals also are in the plant. A marijuana "joint" (cigarette) is made from the dried particles of the plant. The amount of THC in the marijuana determines how strong its effects will be. The type of plant, the weather, the soil, the time of harvest, and other factors determine the strength of marijuana. The strength of today's marijuana is as much as ten times greater than the marijuana used in the early 1970s. This more potent marijuana increases physical and mental effects and the possibility of health problems for the user. Hashish, or hash, is made by taking the resin from the leaves and flowers of the marijuana plant and pressing it into cakes or slabs. Hash is usually stronger than crude marijuana and may contain five to ten times as much THC. Pure THC is almost never available, except for research. Substances sold as THC on the street often turn out to be something else, such as PCP.
What are some of the immediate effects of smoking marijuana?
Some immediate physical effects of marijuana include a faster heartbeat and pulse rate, bloodshot eyes, and a dry mouth and throat. No scientific evidence indicates that marijuana improves hearing, eyesight, and skin sensitivity. Studies of marijuana's mental effects show that the drug can impair or reduce short-term memory, alter sense of time, and reduce ability to do things which require concentration, swift reactions, and coordination, such as driving a car or operating machinery.
Are there any other adverse reactions to marijuana?
A common bad reaction to marijuana is the "acute panic anxiety reaction." People describe this reaction as an extreme fear of "losing control," which causes panic. The symptoms usually disappear in a few hours.
What about psychological dependence on marijuana?
Long-term regular users of marijuana may become psychologically dependent. They may have a hard time limiting their use, they may need more of the drug to get the same effect, and they may develop problems with their jobs and personal relationships. The drug can become the most important aspect of their lives.
What are the dangers for young people?
One major concern about marijuana is its possible effects on young people as they grow up. Research shows that the earlier people start using drugs, the more likely they are to go on to experiment with other drugs. In addition, when young people start using marijuana regularly, they often lose interest and are not motivated to do their schoolwork. The effects of marijuana can interfere with learning by impairing thinking, reading comprehension, and verbal and mathematical skills. Research shows that students do not remember what they have learned when they are "high".
How does marijuana affect driving ability?
Driving experiments show that marijuana affects a wide range of skills needed for safe driving -- thinking and reflexes are slowed, making it hard for drivers to respond to sudden, unexpected events. Also, a driver's ability to "track" (stay in lane) through curves, to brake quickly, and to maintain speed and the proper distance between cars is affected. Research shows that these skills are impaired for at least 4-6 hours after smoking a single marijuana cigarette, long after the "high" is gone. If a person drinks alcohol, along with using marijuana, the risk of an accident greatly increases. Marijuana presents a definite danger on the road.
Does marijuana affect the human reproductive system?
Some research studies suggest that the use of marijuana during pregnancy may result in premature babies and in low birth weights. Studies of men and women may have a temporary loss of fertility. These findings suggest that marijuana may be especially harmful during adolescence, a period of rapid physical and sexual development.
How does marijuana affect the heart?
Marijuana use increases the heart rate as much as 50 percent, depending on the amount of THC. It can cause chest pain in people who have a poor blood supply to the heart - and it produces these effects more rapidly than tobacco smoke does.
How does marijuana affect the lungs?
Scientists believe that marijuana can be especially harmful to the lungs because users often inhale the unfiltered smoke deeply and hold it in their lungs as long as possible. Therefore, the smoke is in contact with lung tissues for long periods of time, which irritates the lungs and damages the way they work. Marijuana smoke contains some of the same ingredients in tobacco smoke that can cause emphysema and cancer. In addition, many marijuana users also smoke cigarettes; the combined effects of smoking these two substances creates an increased health risk.
Can marijuana cause cancer?
Marijuana smoke has been found to contain more cancer-causing agents than is found in tobacco smoke. Examination of human lung tissue that had been exposed to marijuana smoke over a long period of time in a laboratory showed cellular changes called metaplasia that are considered precancerous. In laboratory test, the tars from marijuana smoke have produced tumors when applied to animal skin. These studies suggest that it is likely that marijuana may cause cancer if used for a number of years.
How people are usually introduced to marijuana?
Many young people are introduced to marijuana by their peers - usually acquaintances, friends, sisters, and brothers. People often try drugs such as marijuana because they feel pressured by peers to be part of the group. Children must be taught how to say no to peer pressure to try drugs. Parents can get involved by becoming informed about marijuana and by talking to their children about drug use.
What is marijuana "burnout"?
"Burnout" is a term first used by marijuana smokers themselves to describe the effect of prolonged use. Young people who smoke marijuana heavily over long periods of time can become dull, slow moving, and inattentive. These "burned-out" users are sometimes so unaware of their surroundings that they do not respond when friends speak to them, and they do not realize they have a problem.
How long do chemicals from marijuana stay in the body after the drug is smoked?
When marijuana is smoked, THC, its active ingredient, is absorbed by most tissues and organs in the body; however, it is primarily found in fat tissues. The body, in its attempt to rid itself of the foreign chemical, chemically transforms the THC into metabolites. Urine tests can detect THC metabolites for up to a week after people have smoked marijuana. Tests involving radioactively labeled THC have traced these metabolites in animals for up to a month.
نشر بتاريخ 06-02-2008

Heroin

Years ago, thoughts of using a needle kept many potential heroin users at bay. Not anymore. Today's heroin is so pure, users can smoke it or snort it, causing more kids under 18 to use it. Kids who snort or smoke heroin face the same high risk of overdose and death that haunts intravenous users. Yet 40% of high school seniors polled do not believe there is great risk in trying heroin.
Recent studies suggest a shift from injecting to snorting or smoking heroin because of increased purity and the misconception that these forms of use will not lead to addiction.
Heroin is processed from morphine, a naturally occurring substance extracted from the seed-pod of the Asian poppy plant. Heroin usually appears as a white or brown powder. Street names associated with heroin include "smack," "H," "skag," and "junk." Other names may refer to types of heroin produced in a specific geographical area, such as "Mexican black tar."
The short-term effects of heroin abuse appear soon after a single dose and disappear in a few hours. After an injection of heroin, the user reports feeling a surge of euphoria ("rush") accompanied by a warm flushing of the skin, a dry mouth, and heavy extremities. Following this initial euphoria, the user goes "on the nod," an alternately wakeful and drowsy state. Mental functioning becomes clouded due to the depression of the central nervous system.
Reports from the Drug Abuse Warning Networks (DAWN) Annual Medical Examiner Data from 1997 show that heroin/morphine was the top-ranking drug among drug-related deaths in 14 US major metro areas. It ranked second in another eight.
According to DAWNs Year End 1998 Emergency Department Data, 14 percent of all emergency department drug-related episodes had mentions of heroin/morphine in 1998. From 1991-1996, the number of heroin/morphine mentions more than doubled.
Health Hazards
Irreversible effects. Heroin abuse is associated with serious health conditions, including fatal overdose, spontaneous abortion, collapsed veins, and infectious diseases, including HIV/AIDS and hepatitis.
Long-term effects. Long-term effects of heroin include collapsed veins, infection of the heart lining and valves, abscesses, cellulitis, and liver disease. Pulmonary complications, including various types of pneumonia, may result from the poor health condition of the abuser, as well as from heroin's depressing effects on respiration.
Infection. In addition to the effects of the drug itself, street heroin may have additives that do not readily dissolve and result in clogging the blood vessels that lead to the lungs, liver, kidneys, or brain. This can cause infection or even death of small patches of cells in vital organs.
نشر بتاريخ 06-02-2008

Alcohol

Alcohol
A product that is only legal for those that are 21 years of age, alcohol is a depressant that comes from organic sources including grapes, grains and berries. These products are fermented and distilled into a liquid.
Alcohol affects every part of the body. It is carried through the bloodstream to the brain, stomach, internal organs, liver, kidneys, muscles – everywhere. It is absorbed very quickly (as short as 5 - 10 minutes) and can stay in the body for several hours.1
Alcohol affects the central nervous system and brain. It can make users loosen up, relax, and feel more comfortable, or can make them more aggressive.
Unfortunately, it also lowers their inhibitions, which can set them up for embarrassing or dangerous behavior. In fact, each year approximately 5,000 young people under the age of 21 die as a result of underage drinking. This statistic includes about 1,900 deaths from motor vehicle accidents; 1,600 homicides; 300 suicides; and hundreds of others stemming from injuries such as falls, burns and drownings.2
A standard drink is:
One 12-ounce bottle of beer or wine cooler;
One 5-ounce glass of wine; or
1.5 ounces of 80-proof distilled spirits.3
Health Hazards
It’s no secret that society gives children mixed messages about alcohol. As a parent, you should know that underage drinking can have serious consequences. The teenage brain is still developing. Did you know that alcohol can impair the parts of the brain that control the following:
• Motor coordination. This includes the ability to walk, drive and process information.4
• Impulse control. Drinking lowers inhibitions and increases the chances that a person will do something that they will regret when they are sober.5
• Memory. Impaired recollection and even blackouts can occur when too much alcohol has been consumed.6
• Judgment and decision making capacity. Drinking may lead young people to engage in risky behaviors that can result in illness, injury and even death.7
Risky Behavior
Many kids start drinking in middle school. In fact, one out of every two 8th graders has tried alcohol.8 Additionally, more kids use alcohol than use tobacco or illicit drugs and more children are killed by alcohol than all illegal drugs combined.9
But the risky behavior does not end there.
• Dependence. People who reported starting to drink before the age of 15 were four times more likely to also report meeting the criteria for alcohol dependence at some point in their lives. In fact, new research shows that the serious drinking problems (including what is called alcoholism) typically associated with middle age actually begin to appear much earlier, during young adulthood and even adolescence.10
• Illicit drug use. More than 67 percent of young people who start drinking before the age of 15 will try an illicit drug. Children who drink are over 7 times more likely to use any illicit drug, are over 22 times more likely to use marijuana, and 50 times more likely to use cocaine than children who never drink.11
• Sexual activity. Alcohol use by teens is a strong predictor of both sexual activity and unprotected sex. A survey of high school students found that 18 percent of females and 39 percent of males say it is acceptable for a boy to force sex if the girl is high or drunk.12
• Violence. Children who start drinking before age 15 are 12 times more likely to be injured while under the influence of alcohol and 10 times more likely to be in a fight after drinking, compared with those who wait until they are 21 to drink.13
• School. Student substance use precedes, and is a risk factor for, academic problems, such as lower grades, absenteeism and high dropout rates. Alcohol can interfere with a student’s ability to think, making learning and concentration more difficult and ultimately impeding academic performance. In fact, the more a student uses alcohol, tobacco and other drugs, the lower his grade point average is likely to be and the more likely he is to drop out of school.14
• Driving. When young people drink and get into a car, they tend to make poor decisions that impact their safety. Traffic crashes are the number one killer of teens and over one-third of teen traffic deaths are alcohol-related.15
Protecting Children
Parents can take the following steps to encourage their children to abstain from alcohol:
• Spend time together regularly.
• Listen and talk with your children. Try to understand the pressures placed on them and don't criticize their beliefs.
• Keep track of where your children are, what they are doing, and who their friends are.
• Get them involved in after-school activities so they won’t be able to just "hang out" with friends in the afternoon. This is when children are most likely to experiment.
• Praise or reward children often. If they feel good about themselves, they will be more confident and better able to resist peer pressure.
• Be a positive role model for your children. Don't abuse alcohol or drugs.
نشر بتاريخ 06-02-2008
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Side Effects of Cocaine

The side effects of cocaine tend to affect the entire body, especially the central nervous system and cardiovascular system. The side effects of cocaine are thought to be due to excessively high plasma levels resulting from excessive ingestion of the drug and the subsequent rapid absorption into the blood stream. Often this leads to overdose and death due to respiratory and cardiovascular failure.

The active component of cocaine must enter the brain by crossing a protective covering known as the blood brain barrier. Once across this barrier, effects and side effects of cocaine due to central nervous system activity can be seen. The central nervous system reactions are both excitatory and/or depressant. These side effects of cocaine are characterized by nervousness, restlessness, and excitement. As these side effects of cocaine progress, tremors and eventually epileptic-like convulsions may occur. Vomiting is also common. Following the excitatory side effects of cocaine is the depressive and more dangerous side effects of cocaine. Respiratory depression results displaying slowed rate of breathing and decreased sensitivity to increasing carbon dioxide levels in the blood. Eventually, at high doses, respiratory related side effects of cocaine result in respiratory failure and death



Side Effects of Cocaine

In the cardiovascular system, small doses actually cause the heart rate to slow down. With increasing doses, the side effects of cocaine are stimulatory causing increasing heart rate and increasing sympathetic nervous system (fight or flight responsiveness) to increase. Part of this response is to cause blood vessels to constrict. These side effects of cocaine result in increasing blood pressure and body temperature.

Other side effects of cocaine include the shedding of corneal epithelium layers. This causes clouding, pitting, and occasionally ulcer formation on the eye. Due to the side effects of cocaine, this drug is not meant for ophthalmic use.
نشر بتاريخ 06-10-2008
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Addiction: "Drugs, Brains, and Behavior - The Science of Addiction"

Throughout much of the last century, scientists studying drug abuse labored in the shadows of powerful myths and misconceptions about the nature of addiction. When science began to study addictive behavior in the 1930s, people addicted to drugs were thought to be morally flawed and lacking in willpower. Those views shaped society's responses to drug abuse, treating it as a moral failing rather than a health problem, which led to an emphasis on punitive rather than preventative and therapeutic actions. Today, thanks to science, our views and our responses to drug abuse have changed dramatically. Groundbreaking discoveries about the brain have revolutionized our understanding of drug addiction, enabling us to respond effectively to the problem.

As a result of scientific research, we know that addiction is a disease that affects both brain and behavior. We have identified many of the biological and environmental factors and are beginning to search for the genetic variations that contribute to the development and progression of the disease. Scientists use this knowledge to develop effective prevention and treatment approaches that reduce the toll drug abuse takes on individuals, families, and communities.

Despite these advances, many people today do not understand why individuals become addicted to drugs or how drugs change the brain to foster compulsive drug abuse. This booklet aims to fill that knowledge gap by providing scientific information about the disease of drug addiction, including the many harmful consequences of drug abuse and the basic approaches that have been developed to prevent and treat the disease. At the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), we believe that increased understanding of the basics of addiction will empower people to make informed choices in their own lives, adopt science-based policies and programs that reduce drug abuse and addiction in their communities, and support scientific research that improves the Nation's well-being.

Nora D. Volkow, M.D.
نشر بتاريخ 11-12-2008
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Research about pyramids

The introduction
Have you ever been to Egypt? If so, did you enjoy every part of your tour? Egypt is Muslim Arab country, it has over 50 million people. It has one of the seven wonders of the ancient world remains the pyramids of Egypt. It would be difficult to make a pyramid like the great pyramid at Giza even today. How did they do it 5000 years ago?


The body
Khufu pyramidIt is the biggest of them. It is 146 meters high, it was made of about 2300000 blocks of stones, all exactly the same shape. The weight of each block is about 2.5 tons. The inside blocks were cut out of rock near the place of the pyramid. The blocks of fine stone for the outside came from Tura on the other side of the River Nile.

How did they build the pyramids? The ancient Egyptians had nothing like our modern machines to lift heavy things. The power was supplied by hundreds or thousands of men. They used sledges, levers and rollers. They were very clever with these things. To move a big block of stone to a position 100 meters up, they first built up a long slope from the ground to that position. Then they used levers and rollers to put the block on a sledge and many men pulled the sledge up the slope. We know all this from pictures in Egyptian tombs. We can read their writing – the hieroglyphics in which they kept their records.

When, where and who built the pyramids? The pyramids were built on high ground, above the highest point that the Nile flood water ever reached. The pyramid builders first build a slope from the Nile bank to the place for the great pyramid. Making this road and preparing the ground took ten years. After that, building the great pyramid itself took twenty years more. And this was possible only because the Pharaohn of Egypt used a very large number of people for the work. Some of them were prisoners of war and others captured people. But many of them were the Pharaohn's own people the farmers of Egypt. When the Nile flood began in September and their fields were under water, the Pharaohn's servants ordered them to go to work at the pyramids.

Why did the Pharaohn build the pyramids?
It was a time for change in their religion. At the beginning of the period, the Pharaohn expected to live in his tomb after death. He thought that his life there would be like his life before death. So he needed a tomb with plenty of rooms for everything, his beds. His chairs, his gold dishes, food, drinks and all his treasure. But at the same time Pharaohns began to call themselves the sons of the sun god, Ra. They expected to join Ra in his journeys across the sky. So they needed a place to start from. The pyramid pointed to the sky and showed the east-west direction of the sun's journey. It was big in order to hide and guard the Pharaohn's tomb- because that was still full of treasure. In fact thieves later found their way into all the pyramids and into most of the Pharaohns tombs.


The conclusion

I still wondered how they built these huge pyramids before 5000 years ago, just by the power of thousands of men.
I would like to travel to Egypt and visit these great pyramids. I'm sure that the trip to Egypt is going to be so exciting and I will be amused when I see the pyramids. I really hope that I could go there next summer.

101ways 2 make u smile

01 Call an old friend, just to say hi.
02. Hold a door open for a stranger.
03. Invite someone to lunch.
04. Compliment someone on his or her appearance.
05. Ask a coworker for their opinion on a project.
06. Bring cookies to work.
07. Let someone cut in during rush hour traffic.
08. Leave a waitress or waiter a big tip.
09. Tell a cashier to have a nice day.
10. Call your parents.
11. Let someone know you miss them.
12. Treat someone to a movie.
13. Let a person know you really appreciate them.
14. Visit a retirement center.
15. Take a child to the zoo.
16. Fill up your spouse's car with gas.
17. Surprise someone with a small gift.
18. Leave a thank-you note for the cleaning staff at work.
19. Write a letter to a distant relative.
20. Tell someone you thought about them the other day
21. Put a dime in a stranger's parking meter before the time expires.
22. Bake a cake for a neighbor.
23. Send someone flowers to where they work.
24. Invite a friend to tea.
25. Recommend a good book to someone.
26. Donate clothing to a charity.
27. Offer an elderly person a ride to where they need to go.
28. Bag your own groceries at the checkout counter.
29. Give blood.
30. Offer free baby-sitting to a friend who's
really busy or just needs a break
31. Help your neighbor rake leaves or shovel snow.
32. Offer your seat to someone when there aren't any left.
33. Help someone with a heavy load.
34. Ask to see a store's manager and comment on the great service.
35. Give your place in line at the grocery store
to someone who has only a few items.
36. Hug someone in your family for no reason.
37. Wave to a child in the car next to you.
38. Send a thank-you note to your doctor.
39. Repeat something nice you heard about someone else.
40[/color]. Leave a joke on someone's answering machine
41. Be a mentor or coach to someone.
42. Forgive a loan.
43. Fill up the copier machine with paper after you're done using it.
44. Tell someone you believe in them.
45. Share your umbrella on a rainy day.
46. Welcome new neighbors with flowers or a plant.
47. Offer to watch a friend's home while they're away.
48. Ask someone if they need you to pick up
anything while you're out shopping.
49. Ask a child to play a board game, and let them win.
50. Ask an elderly person to tell you about the good old days
51. During bad weather, plan an indoor picnic with the family.
52. Buy someone a goldfish and bowl.
53. Compliment someone on their cooking and
politely ask for a second helping.
54. Dance with someone who hasn't been asked.
55. Tell someone you mentioned them in your prayers.
56. Give children's clothes to another family
when your kids outgrow them.
57. Deliver extra vegetables from your garden
to the whole neighborhood.
58. Call your spouse just to say, I love you.
59. Call someone's attention to a rainbow or beautiful sunset.
60. Invite someone to go bowling
61. Figure out someone's half-birthday by adding 182 days,
and surprise them with a cake.
62. Ask someone about their children.
63. Tell someone which quality you like most about them.
64. Brush the snow off of the car next to yours.
65. Return your shopping cart to the front of the store.
66. Encourage someone's dream, no matter how big or small it is.
67. Pay for a stranger's cup of coffee without them knowing it.
68. Leave a love letter where your partner will find it.
69. Ask an older person for their advice.
70. Offer to take care of someone's pet while they're away
71. Tell a child you're proud of them.
72. Visit a sick person, or send them a care package.
73. Join a Big Brother or Sister program.
74. Leave a piece of candy on a coworker's desk.
75. Bring your child to work with you for the afternoon.
76. Give someone a recording of their favorite music.
77. Email a friend some information about
a topic they are especially interested in.
78. Give someone a homemade gift.
79. Write a poem for someone.
80. Bake some cookies for your local fire or police department
81. Organize a neighborhood cleanup and have a barbecue afterwards.
82. Help a child build a birdhouse or similar project.
83. Check in on an old person, just to see if they're okay.
84. Ask for the recipe after you eat over at someone's house
85. Personally welcome a new employee at work
and offer to take them out for lunch.
86. While in a car, ask everyone to buckle up
because they are important to you.
87. Let someone else eat the last slice of cake or pizza.
88. Stop and buy a drink from a kid's lemonade stand.
89. Forgive someone when they apologize.
90. Wave to someone looking for a parking space when
you're about to leave a shopping center
91. Send a copy of an old photograph to a childhood friend.
92. Leave a pint of your spouse's favorite flavor of
ice cream in the freezer with a bow on it.
93. Do a household chore that is usually done
by someone else in the family.
94. Be especially happy for someone when
they tell you their good news.
95. Compliment a coworker on their role in a successful project.
96. Give your spouse a spontaneous back rub at the end of the day.
97. Serve someone in your family breakfast in bed.
98. Ask someone if they've lost weight.
99. Make a donation to a charity in someone's honor.
100. Take a child to a ballgame
And last, but not least...
101. Send this list to 10 of your favorite people
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العصر العباسي في رام الله - الخليفة أبو مازن

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